The Birthday Party by Harold Pinter

• The Birthday Party as a Modernist text

• The Birthday Party is a play by English playwright Harold Pinter, who achieved international success as one of the most complex post World War 2^nd dramatist.

• Harold Pinter's plays are noted for their use of silence to increase tension, understatement & cryptic small talk.
• Equally recognizable are the 'Painteresque' themes - nameless menace, erotic fantasy, obsession & jealousy, family hatred and mental disturbance.
• The Birthday Party falls under the category of Theatre of Absurd or especially Comedy of Menace.

•  PLOT

• Traditional plot structures are rarely a consideration in Theatre of Absurd. Often there is a menacing outside force that remains a mystery.
• 
  
• The Birthday Party - Goldberg & McCann. Confront Stanley, torture him with Absurd question and drag him off at the end of the play but is never revealed why. The menace is no longer entering from outside but exists within the confined space.

• Language:-

• Despite its reputation of nonsense language, much of the language in this plays naturalistic. The moments when characters resort to nonsense language or clichés- when words appear to have lost their denotative function, thus creating misunderstanding among the characters- make The Birthday Party distinctive.
• Language in this play gains a certain phonetic, rhythmical almost musical quality, opening up a wide range of often comedic playfulness.

• Character:-

• The Characters in this play are lost & floating in an incomprehensible universe and they abandon rational devices and discursive thought because these approaches are inadequate.

• The more characters are in crisis because the world around them is incomprehensible. Many of Pinter's plays, for example feature characters trapped in an enclosed space menaced by some force that characters can’t understand.

•   Theatre of Absurd:-

• The Birthday Party is also part of Theatre of Absurd. The play has all the characteristics of Theatre of Absurd.
• The play presents meaningless situation of human in confusing, hostile and indifferent world.

•  As comedy of menace:-

• The Birthday Party- a comedy of menace is a tragedy with numbers of comic elements. It is a comedy, which also produces overwhelming tragic effect.
• Throughout the play we are kept amused and yet throughout the play we find ourselves also on the brink of terror. (www.ntworld.com)

• Some indefinable and vague fear keeps our nerves on an edge. We feel uneasy all the time even when we are laughing or smiling with amusement. This dual quality which is modern phenomenon makes the play Modernist literature- which is also breaking old tradition.

• Pinter Pause: -     (Something new than traditional)

• One of the two silences when Pinter's stage direction indicate pause and silence when his characters are not speaking at all- has  become a trademark of Pinter's dialogue and known as Pinter Pause.

• There are two silences:-

• (1)  When no word is spoken
• (2) When perhaps a torrent of language is being employed.

• There is always continuous fear of unknown. Human beings trapped in a situation they don’t know.

• Frustration,
• Isolation,
• Brokenness &
• Disjointedness in The Birthday Party.

• Political reading:- (Deer)

• The play is very much open for various interpretations.
• -Political interpretation of the play suggest that Nat Goldberg and Dermont McCann represents country like U.S.A. and U.K. Lulu represents the idea/concept of welfare state on the grounds of socialistic/ communist/ Marxist Leninist economics. (Nobelprize.org)
• Characters like Meg and Petey represents society- who can do nothing. Impotency of society is presented through these characters.
• Stanley - An artist represents a true individual, free thinker (Nations).
• Play is mixture of terror and amusement; it is frightening as well as funny.
• Nothing is clear in the play. This is the characteristics of Modernist literature that larger things are signified than said directly.
• Conclusion:-
• Thus, with its distinctive characteristics The Birthday Party is a modernist text- different and distinct than traditional works of literature in many ways.

Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett

• Waiting for Godot as a Modernist Literature

Introduction:-

• Waiting for Godot is a French play, translated into English by the author himself Samuel Beckett.
• Waiting for Godot is the most debated play, since its first premiere in very small theatre of Paris in 1953.
• This play has many characteristics of modernist literature. The play is not traditional. Protagonist of the play is two tramps.
• Making two tramps protagonist itself makes it Modernist text, because from traditional way of looking towards literature- it is believed that protagonist should be great person like king, prince, great warrior etc.
• Aristotle told that play should be of high seriousness, but if we look at Waiting for Godot, we find that nothing serious happens. Two tramps Vladimir and Estragon are just waiting on the stage for someone called Godot.
• It has no story, no plot - neither beginning nor end.
• Waiting for Godot is full of anxiety and interrogation. There are so many questions, but not a single answer- what is this all about?
• Modernist Literature is also experimentative in language & form. The language of the play is simple- but that simplicity is deceiving.
• Waiting for Godot explores the working of the human consciousness. It also rejects realism and the idea that art has to capture reality. (Bloom)
• Modernist fiction also defamiliarizes or makes strange what is common. Make it new is the modernist slogan. The play has no story or plot to speak of. Characters are almost mechanical puppets.
• If a good play must have fully explained theme, which is neatly exposed and finally solved, Waiting for Godot have neither beginning nor end.
• "Waiting for Godot does not tell a story, it explores static situation. Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes, it’s awful".

• Nothingness:-

• 'Nothing to be done'.

• The very first line of the play is 'Nothing to be done'. Nothingness is very remarkable characteristic of modern age. Nothing is something of the play.

• Setting:-

• A country road. A tree. Evening.

• Even in their waiting for Godot, Estragon and Vladimir are unsure of the place where they are waiting.

• V: He said by the tree. Do you see others?
• E: What is it?
• V : I don’t know.....A willow.

• In this doubt & uncertainty, there is no authenticity to the existence of Vladimir and Estragon. Therefore nothing is certain. Life is meaningless.
• Estragon and Vladimir are also coming to the opinion after long waiting that nothing can be done. So it is great satire on positive thinking.

• ·        Existentialism & Absurdism

• Existentialism became popular in the year following World War 2, and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy including theology, drama, art, literature and Psychology.
• Existentialist recognizes that human knowledge is limited and fallible. Waiting for Godot falls under the category of Theatre of Absurd, a term coined by drama critic Martin Esslin.
• Vladimir and Estragon caught in hopeless situation forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions, dialogues are full of clichés, wordplay and nonsense, plot that is cyclical or absurdly expansive.

• Who are we?
• Why are we here?

• Existentialist themes are displayed in the Beckett's Waiting for Godot, in which two men divert themselves while they wait expectantly for someone named Godot who never arrives. They claim Godot to be an acquaintance, but in fact hardly know him if they saw him.
• Samuel Beckett, once asked who or what Godot is? replied, ' if I knew, I would have said so in the play'.
• To occupy themselves, the men eat, sleep, talk, argue, sing, play games, exercise, swap hats and contemplate suicide - anything “to hold the terrible silence at bay.
• The play "exploits several Archetypal forms and situations, all of which lend themselves to both comedy and pathos".

• The play also illustrates an attitude toward human experience on earth: the poignancy, oppression, camaraderie, hope, corruption, & bewilderment of human experience that can be reconcile only in the mind & art of the Absurdist. The play examines questions such as death, the meaning of human existence and the place of God in human existence.
• The characters of the play are strange caricatures who have difficulty in communicating the simplest concept to one another as they bide their time awaiting their arrival of Godot.
• Whereas traditional theatre attempts to create a photographic representation of life as we see it, The Theatre of Absurd aims to create a ritual like, mythological, Archetypal, allegorical vision closely related to the world of dreams.
• The focal point of this dream is often man's fundamental bewilderment & confusion, stemming from the fact that he has no answer to the basic existential questions:
• Why we are alive?
• Why there is injustice and suffering?
• All actions become senseless, absurd and useless...

•   Conclusion
• Waiting for Godot a drama presents distrust of language by as a means of communication. Language is nothing but a vehicle for conventionalized, stereotyped, meaningless exchange. Thus, waiting for Godot is very remarkable work of modernist literature.

  

"To The Light House" by Virginia Woolf

• To The Lighthouse

• Lighthouse To The Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf is remarkable work of 20th century / Modernist literature.

• This novel is famous because of its writing technique- Stream of consciousness- which is trademark of Modernist literature. Virginia Woolf breaks the traditional way of telling a story and creates something novel (new).

• The text is heavily autobiographical. By reading Woolf's biography, we come to know about her traumatic experience, her disturbed mind, illness, depression etc. So what she wants to write is not possible in traditional form of writing. So stream of consciousness is appropriate technique in To The Lighthouse.

• The novel is divided into three parts:

•  The Window
•  2)Time Passes
•  3)To The Lighthouse

• Each is fragmented into stream of consciousness.

• It is very difficult technique to write as well as to understand. We are mostly in the minds of the characters. Readers also come to know that characters while doing something- thinking about something else. And writer also tells minor things like sound of waves, someone or something is passing by etc. This kind of internal thinking process finds place in stream of consciousness.

• ★ Stream of consciousness:-

• What is Stream of consciousness??

• Stream of consciousness was a phrase used by William James in his Principles of Psychology (1890) to describe the unbroken flow of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings in the waking mind.

• And then it has been adopted to describe a narrative method in modern fiction.

• Long passages of introspection, in which the narrator records in detail what passes through a character's awareness, are found in novelists from Samuel Richardson, through William James’ brother Henry James, to many novelists of the present era.

• Stream of consciousness is the name applied specifically to a mode of narration that undertakes to reproduce, without a narrator's intervention, the full spectrum and continuous flow of a character's mental process, in which sense perceptions mingle with conscious and half-conscious thoughts, memories, expectations, feelings, and random associations.

•   (A Glossary of Literary Terms – M.H. Abrams)

• ★Interior Monologue in To The Lighthouse

• Interior Monologue is a term that is most often confused with stream of consciousness.
• It presents to the reader the course & rhythm of consciousness precisely as it occurs in a character's mind

• In Interior Monologue author does not intervene nor does it minimally- as a describer, guide or commentator.
•   It is the exact presentation of the process of consciousness.

• 2 types:-

• 1)Direct monologue: - negligible author interference
•  2)indirect monologue: - author intervenes between character's psyche and the reader.

• # Difference:-
• 
  
• -indirect monologue gives reader a sense of the author's continuous presence
• Direct monologue either completely or largely excludes it.
• 
  
• 
  
• In To The Lighthouse, we can observe the modernist phenomenon that - traditionally made up stories were no longer important, what matters was the impression they made on the characters that experienced them.

• Virginia Woolf, in her essay, Modern Fiction :“Let us record the atom as they fall upon the mind in the order in which they fall, let us trace the pattern, however disconnected and incoherent in appearances, which each sight or incident scores upon the consciousness.”

•  Example from the text;

•  Such were the extremes of emotion that Mr. Ramsay excited in his children’s breasts by his mere presence; standing, as now, lean as a knife, narrow as the blade of one, grinning sarcastically, not only with the pleasure of disillusioning his son and casting ridicule upon his wife, who was ten thousand times better in every way than he was (James thought), but also with some secret conceit at his own accuracy of judgment. What he said was true. It was always true. (Pg. 1)

• This shows the similarities between a narrator's utterance & omniscient narrator commentary
• narrator steps aside but soon comes to give the comment “What he said was true...".

• # Use of Parenthesis:=

• “Teaching and preaching is beyond human power, Lily suspected. (She was putting away her things.)”(p.32)
• Parenthesis can also be little asides, expectations, pointers to what is going on.

• [Mr. Ramsay, stumbling along a passage one dark morning, stretched his arms out, but Mrs. Ramsay having died rather suddenly the night before, his arms, though stretched out, remained empty.] (Pg 91)
•  [Prue Ramsay, leaning on her father’s arm, was given in marriage. What, people said, could have been more fitting? And, they added, how beautiful she looked!] (pg 93)
• [Macalister’s boy took one of the fish and cut a square out of its side to bait his hook with. The mutilated body (it was alive still) was thrown back into the sea.]

•   Thus, through Stream of consciousness, Woolf expresses the character's inner world in great coherence and unity.
•  It reveals the character’s flow of thoughts and takes the reader into the consciousness of the character. It deals with conscious, subconscious and even unconscious part of her character.
• Sudden death of central character, Mrs.Ramsay, in parenthesis in the novel's highly stylized middle section, was deeply strange because this is Modernist Literature.
•  ToThe Lighthouse follows & extends the tradition of Modernists, like Marcel Proust and James Joyce. It cited as a key example of stream of consciousness literary technique- most of it written as thoughts and observations.

The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot

•  The Waste Land by T.S.Eliot as Modernist text

• Introduction:-

• The poetry of modern age expresses the chaos and the changing scenario of life and society.
• T.S.Eliot's The Waste Land is both a demonstration and a manifesto of what the new poetry wanted to do and could do.

• T.S.Eliot (1888-1965) describes the boredom, emptiness and pessimism of modern age in bitter, ironical and satirical verse.

• His famous poem The Waste Land is considered the most important poetic documents of the age. It expresses poignantly a desperate sense of the poet, and the age's lack of positive spiritual thinking. Eliot's overwhelming need for redemption transformed him into a religious poet. His intense zeal for religious truth, which lead finally to a new hope in the Christian ideas for rebirth & renewal.

• In his pursuit of giving a realistic representation of life around him, he many times becomes critical of the spiritual degeneration of men and expresses his deep despair over utter emptiness of the contemporary civilization.

• He introduced a new poetic style. His diction is original and unique. It comprehends paradox, irony and contrast.

• Frank Kermode rightly observes that English Poetry would have had no future without the invaluable work done by T.S.ELIOT.

Positive words

Negative words

(1st  part) spring rain winter kept us warm went on in sunlight you feel free branches grow Red rock Morning (2part) burnished throne marble, fruited vines light upon the table glitter of jewels sylvan scene Rain Albert's coming back (3rd  part) the river the nymphs sweet Thames (5th part) a cock stood on the roof tree co co rico co co rico bringing rain flash of lightening Datta,Dayadhvam,Damyata Shantih,Shantih,Shantih

(1st  part) cruelest (month) dead (land) dull (roots) night, dried tubers stony rubbish dead (tree) dry (stone) neither living nor dead NOTHING a bad cold drowned(Phonecian sailor) blank the Hanged man fear death by water unreal city death has undone so many sighs man fixed his eyes before his feet dead sound crying that corpse disturbed Hypocrite frightened you know only a heap of broken images (cricket) no relief i will show you fear in handful of dust my eyes failed silence (2 part) smoke burned sad light barbarous king so rudely forced desert still she cried (Philomela) dirty ears my nerves are bad tonight why do you never speak i think we are rat's alley dead men Nothing again nothing you know nothing? do you see nothing ? do you remember nothing? Are you alive or not? is there nothing in your head? a game of chess ( negative connotation-intrigue) pressing lidless eyes poor Albert if you don’t give it him if you don’t like lack of telling ashamed ....Albert won’t leave you alone (3part) broken sink i sat down & wept... a rat crept... dull canal my father's death white bodies naked... dry garret sound of horns &  motors so rudely forced unreal city the human engine she is bored & tired unreproved, undesired no defense vanity ...of the dead departed lover automatic hand whining of Mandolin the river sweats oil & tar tramps & dusty trees he wept i made no comment Nothing with Nothing the broken fingernails of dirty hands ......people who expect Nothing Burning BurningBurningBurning (4 part) A fortnight dead cry of gulls (5part) frosty silence agony in stony places shouting & crying prison he who was living now dead we who were living are now dying here is no water but only rock dead mountain one can neither stand nor lie nor sit. dry sterile thunder without rain not even solitude in mountains but there is no water maternal lamentation hooded hordes swarming burst in violet air falling towers upside down in air were towers blackened wall tolling bells empty cisterns exhausted wells decayed hole tumbled graves empty chapel dry bones Ganga was  sunken blood shaking my heart awful surrender not to be found in our obituaries seals broken our empty rooms each in his prison nightfall rumors #London Bridge is falling down falling down. Fragments i have shored against my ruins. Hieronymo's mad again.

• The Waste Land

•   The Waste Land represents our current world is a mob of faces, of fragmented images. The scene is set, history is added, and then the voices come in, expressing the feeling of war generation. the feeling of hopelessness  that are still around today, in depression, unhappiness, lack of caring........perhaps despair is not European condition, as most people would have despaired at some point in their lives.

•   The Waste Land is a collage of several things/Images, in which Eliot tries to attempts to tell the story of the modern person. He gives voice to the many voices, the many ideas, the many people in a diverse culture, which is also why he may include numerous languages.

•  The sequence of pictures-Modern Technique of Cinematography:-

•  As in cinema, there are a series of shots transcending time and place, meaningless if. Considered separately, but taken together forming a coherent whole.

•   It helps in controlling time and space- gives universal and permanent significance.

•   Successive clippings, after a few readings fix themselves in memory and convey a coherent whole of meaning.

•  The sequence of picture is central to the poem. The interpretations of these pictures and other symbols and images may vary from person to person. Yet, what is definite is the vitality & realism of these pictures as they pass by like shorts in films.

•  In its novel use of fragmentary voices, dense allusiveness, mythic structures, urban setting, coiling irony and unabashed difficulty, T.S.ELIOT'S The Waste Land epitomizes the central thematic and stylistic tendencies of Modernist Literature.

• Much of the poem brings us face to face with the Modern artist's dilemma of how to find an adequate poetic form and expression to convey his inner experience. It shows us that the modern poet is acutely aware of the conflicts and contradictions, the complexities and fragmentation of his society. So that he can no longer use traditional methods of writing poetry.

•   Hence the artist today is forced to recreate his own esoteric myth & symbols, and draw upon his own vast and unique range of reading for references and allusion to adequately express his meaning or experience. This leads to the charge the Eliot's poetry, especially in The Waste Land is often abstruse and suffers from extreme ambiguity. Thus the disintegration of modern art and poetry itself into the realm of obscurity and elitism becomes a crucial issue in Eliot's poem.

•   Entire The Waste Land is in the stream of consciousness of Tiresias. So whatever Tiresias sees that is the substance of the poem. Eliot rightly chooses Tiresias as a unifying link to connect past, present and future. We are in the stream of consciousness of Tiresias.

•  The very first line of The Waste Land is 'April is the cruelest month', which breaks the archetype of Chaucer's 'April is the sweetest month', is itself the characteristic of modernist literature. He breaks the basic symbol.

• Eliot is showing mirror to world, which they are. Rather than praising he is criticizing rottenness of Western culture. But as a modernist writer he can’t do that in traditional way like Hardy, Dickens or another. So how to do that? He does this in awkward way. He tries to say through hazy, blurred images in a haphazard way.

April is the cruellest month, breeding

Lilacs out of dead land, mixing

Memory and desire, stirring

Dull roots with spring rain.             ← 1st image.

• Snow covered mountain       -2nd image.
• Marie & cousin         - 3rd image.
• Landscape image
• Lovers coming, wet hair (Tristan and Isolde) – image
• London Bridge (mechanical people)-image
• Madame Sosostris-image
• A lady seating & beautifying herself-image
• Philomela & Procne-Image
• Two person seating (in coffee house) image
• Albert coming back- image
• Image of river Thames
• Tiresias-Sailor, typist, clerk image
• Phlebas the phonecian
•  What the thunder said-
• Christian imagery- Christ caught after last supper.
• Mystical image
• Sterile dry thunder without water
• Falling towers image
• Ganga, Himavat image
• Datta, Dayadhvam, Damyata.

•  Conclusion

Thus, The Waste Land is remarkable piece of writing of Modernist Literature.

Wordsworh's preface to Lyrical Ballads

This blog is written as a comment under the Blog of Dr, Dilip Barad on viewing experience of  video and reply to the questions asked in blog. these video   prepare in Department of English, MKBU. These videos are about unit on "Wordswoth's preface on lyrical Ballads". here is my reply of it.

The videos are really helpful to us In creating a better understanding of the point about the wordsworth’s preface to the lyrical ballad.

The difference between classicism and romanticism is became quite clear. Classicist are believing in intellect as a guiding force. Whereas romantic were believing In imagination as guiding force. Classical were strongly following the rules and regulation while romantics are believing In free play of mind. For example, The writers of the Neo- classical age like pope and other where writing In the classical style of writing, And  they described city, urban life. Whereas Romantics were giving more importance to rustic life, their emotion, their way of life and so on. Romantic writers strongly felt that life of common people can also be the subject of poetry. because rustic people are close to nature, they are more innocent. Simplicity was the trademark of their poetry.

Classicists were believed In restrained (controlled) emotions. According to them emotions should be restrained. But romantics thought that poetry should be Spontaneous and unrestricted. Whatever they feel they are free  to express In simple manner. it means that it is not necessary to follow classical rules of writing, poetry can be written In simple language and for simple, common, rustic people. Even there is difference Indian their approach to life. Classicist were objective and romantic were subjective.

Wordsworth says what is poet rather than who is poet because generally we attached who with a person but wordsworth says what is poet it means that which are the qualities which makes poet different than other people, So He says what is poet. He says that poet is a man speaking to man, endowed with more lively sensibility. All can’t creat lively image as poet can. So here poet differs.  And more than that poet has greater knowledge of human nature. We all are living In this world, all are passing through same experiences, but we can’t express that In harmonius way whereas poet can. Poet can understand and express it very well. Poet has capacity to conjure people In the world of imagination. He is a person who creats verbal world Indian which we lost. Indian short poet is the person who has ability creat thing more beautiful than it actually is Indian reality,  And through which reader gets aesthetic delight.

Diction means choice of language. Language of poetry differs from the language of prose. So definitely question comes that what should be the language of poetry. wordsworth put emphasis on writing poetry  In the ordinary language of people, not a highly crafted poetical one. Simplicity was given priority. He believed that rural people are simple, innocent, so their language should be language of poem. The language of poetry should be the language really used by men. At the same time all the words/language cannot used Indian poetry, so Henry says it should be filtered and refined. And refined vernacular word should be diction of poetry. His language of poetry is easily understandable,   simple but highly philosophical.  one of his famous line  ‘I  wander lonely as a cloud’ is example of this.

Poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected Indian tranquillity. Hesays that enjoy the  the nature with open heart, and later Inyour  free time (tranquillity), sit down and try to recollect what you have seen/ experienced. Whenever you will remember that once again that powerful emotion will comes into your mind. And that experiences  collected Indian tranquillity is poetry according to wordsworth.

Thus, I have tried to give answer as per my comprehension.

 Thank you 

Digital Humanities

What is digital Humanities?

The digital humanities is an area of research, technique and creation concerned with the intersection of computing and the disciplines of the humanities. developing from the field of  humanities computing, digital humanity embraces a variety of topics ranging from curating online collections to data mining large cultural data sets. Digital humanities currently incorporates both digitized and both digital and born digital materials and combines the methodologies from traditional humanities disciplines such as history, philosophy, linguistic, literature, art, archaeology, music and cultural studies.

 What D.H doing at Eng. Dept.?

First, after numeric input , text has been by far the most traceable data type for the computers to manipulate. Unlike audio, video, and so on.

Second, there is  the long association between computers and compositions, almost as long and just as rich lineage.

Third, it is a modest but much promoted belle-altruistic project around hypertext and other forms of electronic literature that  continues this day and is increasingly vibrant and diverse.

Yes there is need to do more research in the field of literature because through the use of technology in the field of criticism we get do a lot better thing. For example no one can read text book of hundreds of year, but by making digital text we can evaluate  thousands of texts. For example which word is most use in that particular book is possible to know through this.

Ergodic discourse is a Greek word means ‘Ergos’= work, and Hodos= path.

Cyber texts are  not exclusively electronic or digital. A machine for the production of variety and expression. Traditional reader simply does not have the same degree of influence.

Games are labyrinths and worlds, rather than representations. Text as a machine with different parts and users.

This is great help in our regional languages, for example we can create digital text and do research in this.

Structuralism

 I have read Dilip Barad sir's  blog as a part of sem 2 study , and after this now I will try to analyze T.V. serial or advertisement through structuralist approach.

Structuralist critics like Ferdinand Saussure, Gerald Genette , Roland Barthes, Claude Levi-Strauss etc ., gave their valuable contribution in this approach. Structuralist critics founds basic common structure in every work. He says that skeleton is the structure and it is same every where. Similarly literature has a basic structure which we found common every where.

Here as per instruction rather than writing about structuralism I would  try to analyze like structuralist critic.

For example every literary text has a Beginning, Middle ( Climax) and End.

Movie like P.K. RANGRASIA, OH MY GOD  has a same structure- anti religion or challenges this ideas. If we take structuralist approach then OMG IS better than PK. Structure of both is same.

For example T.V. serial  CID  helps us to understand NARRATOLOGY.  Structure is same for example murder occurs, detection and murderer found by detective. This structure is same in every episode since 17 years. But they make changes in presenting it.

Most of hindi movies  or literature are same. For example  boy+ girl love each other but family is against it or vice versa family ready to marriage but children do not like each other.

We also find binary opposition every where. Good-evil, male-female, god- Satan, white-black.

This and other many common things are found everywhere. This are the few examples .

Thank you