Comparison between an epic poem‘The Waste Land’ by T. S. Eliot and a Gujarati novel “Manavini Bhavai” by Pannalal Patel.

Abstract:-

This article tries to compare texts fromtwodistinct literatures.The Waste Land by Eliot from British background and Manavini Bhavai by Pannalal Patel from Indian (Gujarati) background. Both the texts are located in first half of 20^th century. This article is an attempt to read contemporary society with the help of both the texts. How there wasdehumanization, sexual perversion, spiritual draught were wide spread in society. Culture was being totally rotten.

Key Words: spiritual draught/degradation, sexual perversion, dehumanization, World War, Draught, rottenness of culture.

Comparison betweenanepicpoem‘The Waste Land’ by T. S. Eliot and aGujarati novel  “Manavini Bhavai” by Pannalal Patel.

Introduction

‘The Waste Land’ is written by T. S. Eliot in early 20^th century. The title of this long epic poem itself suggests the essence of this poem that what is all about.

            ‘The Waste Land’ means barren land where nothing grows- a desert, or any barren or uninteresting place. Eliot is very self/auto critical. So he criticizes his own nation (country) or say entire Europe by calling it Wasteland & people living in it as Wastelanders. He criticizes Sexual perversion, spiritual degradation and dehumanization of Western society. He is showing mirror to the world who they are, Rather than praising his culture he attacks the rottenness of his culture.One of itsmajor themes is the barrenness of a post-warworld in which human sexuality has beenperverted from its normal course and thenatural world too has become infertile.

Northrop Fryesays in his essay “Archetypal criticism” that “some where we all (entire human race) (East or West) are connected.”Basic human nature is common everywhere. We share common Psyche. Then the question came to my mind is that where is this kind of rottenness in our culture? AreweresemblingcharacteristicsofwastelandersorHollowmaninEliot'ssense??Whatarethepitfallsandshortcomingsofourculture?

And if it istherethen how it is mirrored in our (regional) literature. So I think “Manavini Bhavai”- a Gujarati novel by Pannalal Patel is suitable option to compare with “The Waste Land”.

★Titularsignificance:-

Significance of the title:-

Title suggests the essence of the work. Both the writers have carefully choosen the title of their work.

Through reading of literature ultimately we come to know about the self. if literature is mirror orX-Rayimageofselforsociety, then reading literature is the quest for the self. We have to identify where we are/ ami in literature?

Eliot's title of the poem is very significant, suggestive & appropriate because it signifies three Wasteland- that of Fisher King, Oedipus and Biblical or Modern Europe.

Where as Pannalal Patel clarifies the meaning of the title in the preface of the novel. Because the Gujarati word 'Bhavai' has various contextual meanings.

Bhavai is in traditional Gujarati folk culture isa kind of play/ drama performance by all male members of vivid historical events & figures- especially during Navaratri festival.

So the title has connotation that 'Manavini' means people's/ Human being's,  &'Bhavai' means drama. It connotes that human being's entire life is like a drama & we are just like puppet. We have to play our roles and exit the stage. Nothing is in one's hand. Inspite of knowing we can't do anything. It signifies the futility of human's life.

But Pannalal Patel says in the preface of the novel though the word 'Bhavai' has its literal meaning, another meaning of word 'Bhavai' is  'MILKAT'means property (something that is owned)

-belongings

-important types of property include real property(land), personal property(other physical profession), & intellectal property etc.

So we can roughly translate the title of the novel as "people's property".

Which is the property of human bengs??

- a piece of land? gold etc jewellery ? animals? money? or good relations with other??

The novel is serious debate over this question. As the novel progresses because of severeDraught slowly and steadily people looses their everything. After loosing all the material things, even human relations are under danger. People are killing other, looting others only to get food/tosatisfytheirhunger.

Such dehumanization & downfall of people is unimaginable. So the tone of the title of the novel is bitter & ironic.

★Setting:-

The setting of both of this text is common. Dehumanizing effect of First World War (1914-1918) is clearly seen in the Waste Land, whereasChappaniyo Dushkal(Draught of 1900) plays a vital role in this novel.

★The Waste Land

Aprilisthecruellestmonth....

InTheWasteLandAprilisnotthehappymonthofpilgrimagesandstorytelling,butinthemodernworldwinteristhetimeofforgetfulnessandnumbness.Marie'schildhoodrecollectionsarealsopainful.Thesimpleworldofcousinsandcoffeeintheparkhasbeenreplacedbyacomplexsetofemotionalandpoliticalconsequencesresultingfromthewar.Thisshowshowbadlythingshavedecayed.Eliotdescribes the boredom, emptiness and pessimism of modern age in bitter, ironical and satirical verse.

Unreal City,

Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,

A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,

I had not thought death had undone so many.

Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled,

And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.

-(Part-1-Burial of the Dead)

Through this T. S. Eliot shows the realistic picture of mechanical life of the people living in London of that era. Thisfinalepisodeofthefirstsectionisthemostsurreal.ThespeakerwalksthroughaLondonpopulatedbyghostsofthedead.People are lifeless, feeling/ emotionless, dull and mechanical. Running like machine according to clock. The same scene is created in the beginning of the movie “Modern Times” by Charley Chaplin. These lines are very suggestive- that Death has undone so many means even if they were living are lookinglike dead. And each man walking fixed his eye before his feet- means following/ obeying others blindly without rational thinking just like sheep. In short he criticizes MECHANICAL LIFE of Modern Man.

In the novel “Manavini Bhavai” Pannalal Patel also portrays the realistic rural picture of people living in Gujarat. (Though Gujarat became separate state in 1^st may 1960, and novel is written much earlier. I mean people living in that region)  Kalu is the protagonist, hero of the novel& Raju is heroine. At large extent this novel is abouttheir love. But as I. A. Richards has said(in New criticism )isclose reading of text.( Wikipedia)and“to read between the lines”.MeansTo study the society we also have to read what is not written.

Novel tells about the time that- there was poverty in society. In entire novel there is not even name of education. Except farming /agriculturepeopledon’t have other work. People were addicted of intoxication. Individual was not free to do what he wants to do, he was bounded by so many social chains. Marriages were decided at the age of 1 or 3 years or many times even before the birth of children. (Issue of child marriage)  And because of such rules individual has to suffer a lot- marriages became monotonous, cause of destruction, ruin of the lives of the people.

The same thing happens in this novel also, that from childhood marriage of Kalu and Raju was decided but because of adverse circumstances both gets married to different partner. Both still continues to love each other by heart, but because of society they can’t make it public.

Kalu is not happy in his married life, same with Raju also but then even they go on stretching the relations. Kalu clearly says to his wife that though we are united by body, we cannot be united by soul.

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(Means after death of kalu’s father their engagement is broken. Childhood friends thus departs and Kalu marries to a girl, whomhe don’t like. And his mother has taken promise from him that he will not marry twice or he will not bring second wife. He is like sleeping on the edge of thorns- neither hecanlive nor die.)

In The Waste Land we find Mechanical people, then in this novel Manavini Bhavai  we find the mechanical relationship- lifeless, feeling less and dull.What is the use of relations where individual is not happy. 

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Other major theme of The Waste Land is Sexual Perversion and Spiritual degradation of Western society. As Eliot is Modernist writer he does not say this clearly, but uses various myths /allusions/referencesfrom different cultures to tell his point. Myth of Hycinth girl, myth of Apollo, myth of Tristan and Isolde, myth of   Philomela and Procne indirectly presents the sexual perversion of Western society.Thereissymbolicuseofmythstoconnectthepresentwiththepast.

The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king

So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale

Filled all the desert with inviolable voice

And still she cried………….

(2- A Game of Chess)

……………, and think of poor Albert,

He’s been in the army four years; he wants a good time,

If you don’t give it him, there’s others will, I said.

(2- A Game of Chess)

Instead of a life-giving act of love, sex occursin the poem as seduction or rape, leading toabortion-whichcanbesymbolicallyinterpretedfromabovelines.

TherelationbetweenTypistandClearkalsosignifiestheirlustratherthanpurelove.

Theme of “The Waste Land” is spiritual degradation and sexual perversion. So same thing is also therein the novel “Manavini Bhavai”. For example in the novel there is an incident that when Raju was working in the farm at that timeamanfromvillage,whohaddesireforRaju comes and tries to misbehave with her. He wanted to take disadvantage of her being alone.BecauserumourswerespreadinthevillagethatRaju'shusbandisillandimpotent,sosheissexuallyunsatisfiedwithherhusband.

            This shows the sexual perversion of our culture also. Generally peoplethink that this kind of things happen only in Western Countries.

There is also another incident in the novel, Manavini Bhavai which attacks on our so called ‘saints’, or ‘sadhu’, or ‘religious leaders’.

In Manavini Bhavai, there is a chapter “ Bavani Langoti”, which is a story within a story & through comedy, rather in a humorous way writer criticizes such people.

In the novel Kalu’s father Vala Patel tells stories to the other…

Once there was a “Bavo”- (a priest) of the temple of Lord Shiva. He was living by begging from village.& at the progress & end of the story he develops illegitimate sexual relation with a widow. When he came to know that this woman is going to give birth to a child- he runs away.

Now the point is that is he really spiritual (Pious) person??

Indian spirituality, since thousandsofyearsis famous in the world. Saints are the person who have achieved a state of mind- from which nothing else remains to achieve. They are above human emotions like happiness, unhappiness, misery, greed,suffering etc. saints have shown path to the world- how to live life.

This reference from the novel shows us that how there is also spiritual degradation in our society.

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(Last chapter is also suggestive to present the mental thirst of Kalu. The novel ends when Raju- heroine of the novel gave her breast in Kalu’s mouth to satisfy his thirst. Symbolically we can also read as Kalu’s sexual desire for Raju.)

♣Impotency:-

Eliot picks up on the figure of the Fisher King legend's Wasteland as an appropriate description of the state of modern society.

AsmentionedinthebiginningofthearticlethatTitleconnotesthreewasteLand,oneofthemisofFisherKing'sWasteLand.Fisher Kingisthe impotent  ruler of the waste land, and the prevailing spirit of The Waste Land.

AndinWasteLandword"Nothingness"comesagainandagain,symbolisesasexualfailure,amomentofimpotence.Thereisnotasinglemomentofjoy.Sothereisneitherreconciliationnoractionispossible.

similalyin"ManviniBhavai"Impotencyrevolvesaroundthelivesofthecentralcharacter.HeroineRaju'shusband'Dyalji'wassufferingfromillnessandimpotentency.Evenaftersomanyyearsoftheirmarriagetheyhadnochild.AndinthenoveltownfolkmakesgossipaboutRaju'sbeautyandherhusband'simpotency.Husband'sconstantillnessandimpotencyaswellasseveredraughtbringscatastropheinRaju'slife.Butaboveallimpotencysnatchesawayallthejoysandgloriesofpastfromher.Howpowerful,attractiveandconfidentgirlshewasinpast!!!Andnowtotallytransformedgirl!!

So,inboththetextImpotencyissomethingthatisdeeplysymbolicallyconnected.

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(Because of draught, people don’t have food to eat. At that time there is incident in the novel that an Englishman was passing from village with grains of king. People of village tries to rob him. An Englishman tries to threaten by Gun, at that time Kalu speaks very beautiful line that ‘AreBhuriya’ (Oh!Whiteman) you have invented gun to kill the people, but if you have shown this skill to save/ protect people than it would be better.) This is the bitter criticism on modern man and its technological advancement.

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‘Darshak’ writes in the preface of Manavini Bhavai that cost of one atom bomb is billions of rupees. Rather than school more money is spent on Army. We have failed in providing milk to children, medicines to patients, home to homeless people and food to people. But military is increasing day by day. If all this is possible than why it is not possible to save people from draught?)

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Dehumanization of Society

The effect First World War is clearly seen in the poem The Waste Land. Because of war there is ruin, destruction in society.

Because of war, people became blood thirsty. Poverty, mass- killing, immorality, chaos in society was there. As soldiers have to live away from their family, so women had developed extra marital relations with other men. And because of this newer problems came into being- illegitimate children, workhouse, child laboring etc.

            The role that First World War played in Europe same role was played by Draught

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It was a time when all the people have lost theirfaith from human beings as well as from god also. But Kalu like T. S. Eliot himself keeps faith in humanity. He says people are not bad but hunger makes them so.

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The draught was so terrible that there was not even dry grass in nest. People have eaten even leaves of trees!!!!

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The scene looks as if there is rain of corpse, dead bodies. In farm, street everywhere corpses were lying here and there. No one was thinking about even burying them, but rather people were happy.

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The picture of society was worst that, robbers have looted the ornaments of Mali Doshi –anoldman- a villainous character in the novel. Not only that but they even robbed a woman’s clothes- killed her and left her naked. What can we say this except dehumanization of human!!??Andmorethanthatherson'Naniyo'wascrying,notbecausehermotherwasdeadbutbecauseherallthejewellerywerelooted.Thereisfuneralprocessioninwhichsonhastoputapieceofgoldinthemouthofdeadone(mother)(Mali),buthersondeniestodothat.Forhimandhiswifeapieceofgoldismorepreciousthandeadmotherlyingonfuneralpyre.

Asareferenceletstake one more example from “ Saurashtrani Rasadhar”abook by Jhaverchand Meghani(very well known Gujarati writer)toconnectwiththistext&toreadthecontemporarysociety.he also portrays the picture of contemporarysociety. In oneofhisstorytitled “ Jato Halkaro”  we come to know what kind of people we were just before 100 or so years, not so far. though Meghani has described it in Veer Rasa, but we can read society. In  the story  husband and wife were passing  ( by walking)nearly at evening and they were looted. ( it means that there were not good medium of transportation. Oursociety was not developed) (Peopleusedtotravelbybullockcart,andthosewhowererichtheyhadhorses)Jato Halakaro-apostmanfromnearbyvillage tries to save them and dies. But my point is that how can we say that our past was glorious , if people passing by  just at evening were not safe. Only for few jewelry and money people were robbed and killed. This is the reality. In Gujarati culture there are so many famousstories about the ‘Baharvatiya’  ( robber) who were looting entire village. If this is the reality then how can we be proud of our rotten culture? This aspect leads us to another question that why someone do robbery? It means that there was poverty in society. People were ready to kill each other for few money. Education was not there. Even with her husband woman were looted then what if she beingalone?

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Pannalal Patel shows the harsh reality of that time- that people were looted even in daylight.  Not only money and jewelry   but animals were also not safe. Once there is an incident in the novel that  “Bhil”- tribal people attacks the village and drive away people’s domestic animals like cows and buffaloes etc. so Kalu- the protagonist with few friends follows them to protect animal. But there he saw a terrible scene, which one can never forget….. That there were many groups of people, looking exactly like skeleton ( because they had no food to eat, so they werelike living dead) are eating a living/alivebuffalo. Someone is drinking blood, others are eating other body parts like leg etc. they had no weapon to kill or cut, for them their teeth was everything.!!!!

Another scene which he saw was that people were hitting stones to animal to kill & eat.

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             The climax is there in the next scene, when he saw that a lady, seating near bush was eating her own child to satisfy her appetite/ Hunger !!!

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Kalu- a protagonist  don’t believe himself what he has seen. He tries to convince himself that what  has seen is not true. How can a mother  eat her own child?? Itmustbearabbit!!Butitwaschild!And if this really happened then we can realize the  downfall of  people.

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It also mentioned by novelist that women were selling their body only to get food.

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Chappaniyo draught( of 1900) was the biggest calamity on the  people. The situation was such that women started selling their bodies only to get food. Anyhow, people wanted something to eat- by begging, by doing theft or even sometimes people snatch a piece from dog’s mouth to eat. Such degradation is umimaginable.

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★Urgetodie......

"NamSibyllanquidemCumisegoipseoculismeis

vidiinampullapendere,illipueridicerent:

Sibylla ti thelesis; respondebat illa: apothanein thelo".

ThisepigraphcomesfromSatyricon,asatirefromPetronius.InEnglishitmeans"I saw with my own eyes the Sibyl at Cumae hanging in a jar/ cage, and when the boys said to her, Sibyl, what do you want? She replied I want to die".It hasmanyinterpretations.oneissheissayingwhatthepeoplewhoinhabitthewastelandaresaying.

(Sibyl:-Granted  eternal  life  by  Apollo,  she  neglected  to  ask  also  for eternal  youth  and  lived  a  life  in  death,  continually  withering but never dying.)(Bloom)

Sibyl looks at the future and proclaims that she only wants to die. The Sibyl's predicament mirrors what Eliot sees as his own. He lives in a culture that has decayed and withered but will not expire, and he is forced to live with reminders of its formerglory.

Similarlypeoplealsowantstodieinthenovel.Thedraughtissoterriblethatpeopleneitherhavefoodnorwater.Becauseofseveredraughtnotevenleavesoftresstoeat.Entirefamilywaslivingbyonlyhandfulofgrains.Allhavesoldanimals,jewelleryamdothermaterialthingsonlytosatisfytheirappetite.Theirlifebecamemiserable.Monsonistooaway,thereisnohopeforhelpfromanybody.Waitingfordeath,becausetheythoughtthatitisbettertodiethantosufferlikethis.

Thus,somewhereurgetodieiscommoninboththetexts.

6

★ Mother image is broken

In every culture very respectable position is given to the  mother. This novel deconstructs the aura of respective mother. No one can imagine worse picture than this that mother eating her own child. ( True test of your character is in the moment of crisis)  InSanskritlanguageitisfamouslysaidthat"JananichaJanmabhumiswargadapigariyasi"meansMotherandMotherlandaregreaterthanheaven.AndinGujaratithereisproverbthat"Maatemaa,bijabadhavagadanavaa"meansnoonecanbecomparedwithmother.Myintentionbehindputtingthislinesistojuxtaposerealismversusidealism.Bookpresentstherealityofcontemporarysociety.atthesametimewecepebrateideals,whicharefarawayfromreality.

★Faith:-

T.S.Eliothasfaithinhumanity.Hebelievedthatregenerationispossible.Thelostsocialordercanbereestablished.Itispossibletomakewastelandagainafertileland.AndhegivessolutionthatbridgebetweenEastandWestisthesolution.Itisappropriatetoquotethe remarks made during the Noble Prize award ceremony in 1948by Gustaf Hellström of the Swedish Academy.

“Humility is also the characteristic which you, Mr. Eliot, have come to regard as man's virtue. ‹The only wisdom we can hope to acquire is the wisdom of humility.› At first it did not appear that this would be the final result of your visions and your acuity of thought.

(The) contact was a shock to you, the expression of which you brought to perfection in The Waste Land, in which the confusion and vulgarity of the civilization became the object of your scathing criticism.

But beneath that criticism there lay profound and painful disillusionment, and out of this disillusionment there grew forth a feeling of sympathy, and out of that sympathy was born a growing urge to rescue from the ruins of the confusion the fragments from which order and stability might be restored.

................. You, Mr. Eliot, are of the opposite opinion. For you the salvation of man lies in the preservation of the cultural tradition, which, in our more mature years, lives with greater vigour within us than does primitiveness, and which we must preserve if chaos is to be avoided.

ThoughEliotiscriticizedasregressive/backwardlooking,hissolutionofcontemporaryproblemisunique.

Pannalalpatelalsospeaksthroughprotagonistthathewillnotloosefaithfromhumanity.Basicallyhumansarenotbad,butsituationmadethemso.Whateverhappenhewillnotleavefaitheitherfromgodorfromhumanity.Howeverworstconditionofsocietyis,revivalispossible.

problemsarecreatedbyhumans.So,itisthepeoplewhohavetotakeresponsibilityofmankindandpreservationofitsculturaltraditionsandvalues.Thesolutionlieswithintheself.

So,itprovesthatboththewritershavegreatfaithinhumanity.

Conclusion:-

My point is that whether West or East, England or India, London or Gujarat “ KAGADA BADHE KALA”. (means "Crows are black everywhere) It is not true to criticize only Western culture. Because somewhere we are also like them, or say basic human nature is common everywhere.

Work Cited:-

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https://youtu.be/_jLHVT0-GgM

Wikipedia contributors."I. A. Richards." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 Oct. 2015. Web. 13 Oct. 2015.

Frye, Northrop. "The Archetypes of Literature." Frye, Northrop. Fables ofIdentity. NewYork: Harcourt, Beace and World, 1951. 7-20.

Manubhai and Manubhai ( Darshak) Pancholi. "truptino ghunt." Patel, Pannalal. Manavini Bhavai. 11. Sadhana Prakashan, 1962. 9-30.

patel, Pannalal. Manavini Bhavai. Ed. auro books. 11. Vol. first. Ahmedabad: Sadhana Prakashan, 1947.

Patel, Pannalal. Manavini Bhavai. Ahmedabad: Sadhana Prakashan, 1947.

The Modern Times. By Charlie Chaplin. Dir. Charlie Chaplin. Perf. Chaelie Chaplin. 1936.

www.poetryfoundation.org. 13 10 2015. 13 10 2015 <http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/176735>.