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Monday 28 March 2016

Semester 4 presentations

Paper 13, The New Literature

Presentation Topic : History is that certainty produced at a point where imperfection of memory meets the inadequacies of documentation- Explain with illustration from Tony''s memory.

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Sense of an ending by julian barnes from Dave Nimesh B


Paper 14, The African Literature.

Topic: Concept of tradition and Modernity, as well as Beckettian dramatic features in The Swamp Dwellers.

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The swamp dwellers by wole soyinka from Dave Nimesh B



Paper 15, Mass Communication and Media Studies.


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How Literature shaped me ?!!

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How Literature shaped me???

Image result for Literature
Soon, I am going to complete my journey of 5 years of studying literature. So, now I must look back and observe changes in me due to literature.
Though before writing, let me confess that Literature is a 'huge Ocean', no one can discover &knew its vastness, secrets and mysteries in totality. I have quenched my thirst from this ocean by drinking a few sips of it. So, my views also are limited as per what I've read.

Let me tell you something about my personal life that after studying Western theories  & literature I've become more LIBERAL, open-minded towards everything. Now I don't resist changes. I travel every day 110 KM in a bus ( since six years of B.A.(3), B.Ed (1), M.A. (2))., so meet various people every day. Many people pass comments about female's modern clothes or excessive use of mobiles or their new way of approaching the world.

But I don't agree with them. Now I laugh at silly matters like girls should not wear jeans or not to use mobiles. Now I can read PATRIARCHAL Language, that how it operates& I start deconstructing it. I strongly now believe in the concept of 'Individualism'- one has the right to do whatever he/she likes in her personal lives. I try to bring margin(female) into the centre, and then try to read from their point of view.

The very curious thing I observed last month, I don't remember the date but it was a time when Dilip Barad sir was in conference at Chennai, so I left Department early and sat in Rajkot local intercity bus at 4:30. it so happens that in the bus there was a 'Lady Conductor' (Which is a very recent phenomenon that Females are recruited as a conductor in buses, earlier it wasn't so)-i inquired & she told me that she's from 'Modasa' & it is her first trip to Bhavnagar. The main point is that a middle-aged man, sitting in my side seat started arguing with her about the ticket. He wanted to go to a very small village, which didn't mention in the ATM- Automatic Ticket Machine. So, she requested to take a ticket of next stop but he denied & quarrel went on...(how can she give ticket if the place is not in machine & the man refuse to pay a ticket of further place)

Now the main point comes is that:- He started complaining to me about the government that why the government is allowing girls as a conductor?? Govt. should stop this. Females look good as a teacher, not as a conductor. They cant do this tough job and many more...

I was listening to his complaints and laughing sarcastically over his thinking without letting him known. Soon, this discussion was joined by another man, who joins the bus from Press Quarters. He was young & looking educated, doing some good job. He spoke a line, which is centre of my attention that -"If females will start doing a job, then what will we (men) do???- cooking in the kitchen!!!!("LANGUAGE BEARS WITHIN ITSELF THE NECESSITY OF ITS OWN CRITIQUE"(Post Structuralism-Derrida)- This is a LOOSE STONE ( Aporia) to Deconstruct their views. Now I got the loose stone, so I'll undermine, subvert, blast this entire(building) discourse & create ( New discourse)something which was hidden meaning. (Thank u, Derrida!!!)

While studying CULTURAL STUDIES, there was a line that "NOTHING IS INNOCENT, THERE IS A DEEP POLITICS BEHIND EVERYTHING". I read this incident like this that the real problem is not a ticket or extra money. but the problem is that the privileged position of men is now being challenged by women. The real problem is that your JOBS are taken away by someone, so you despise them in one or another way.

Conditioning girls from childhood as soft, delicate, giving toys rather than hard tools, teaching household things is ALL WELL PLANNED CONSTRUCTION.
IT IS A POLITICS BY MEN TO SECURE THEIR JOBS. As time is changing women are competing with men in every respects. so their jobs are taken by females. 
So, this incident I observe opens up the gate for new discourse. Many people were there on the bus. But they don't read this the way I've read. So, this is a gift of literature & various theories that I can think in this way, which is obviously anti- established order.
I am telling to you since beginning literature shaped me, but almost forget to tell you  What is Literature??

Literature is not just imaginative stories written in leisure time only for entertainment. But it is a reflection of time, place and society in which we are living. Literature is a mirror or photographic image of society. equally, literature is also an x-ray image portraying ugly, darker sides of society.
Still, whatever definition we try to give literature will remain incomplete because its exactly like 5-7 blind men defining Elephant, by touching it. Whatever aspect they will touch upon, will define like that. So, lets it leave it aside and come back to the point.

Even though I am studying literature for five years, texts and theories which I've studied in M.A have affected & shaped me more. In B.A. while reading my focus was largely on aesthetics. I choose the text on the principle that whether it gives aesthetic delight or not. & even after completing reading books like 'Namesake', 'Heart of Darkness', 'Kim', 'Moby Dick' or 'The Bluest Eye', I wasn't able to derive anything except story(summary) part of the book. After reading, if someone tells me to explain by implying theories then I cant.
But now when I revisit the texts, I can realize its worth in a far better way.
Dr Jakyll & Mr Hyde taught me how humans have two faces- one public and other personal. It gave me a deep understanding of the human psyche. 'Ghasiram Kotwal' taught me that at what extent one can fall to gain power. At the same time Vijay Tendulkar being Brahmin criticizes (Peshwas) his own Brahminical traditions. Which taught me to remain very much open towards self-criticism. Rather than hiding hypocritically, accept it. It will give the opportunity to learn from the past & make a better tomorrow.

Literature taught me to be an observer, not judgmental. Rather than preferring one over others, I try to view both neutrally. While reading books, I unintentionally put myself into the place of character & start thinking that what if I were in his or her place. which cultivated in me a humanitarian approach. Now I strongly believe that Humanity is more important than religion, authority or so-called morality. The finest example of it is Hester Prynne, of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Even though she has committed Adultery, literature will always stand for humanism. Even how society tags individual is also interesting to observe.
Another change now I can see in myself is challenging and doubting everything. Now everything is held to be open for question.

While returning from Bhavnagar to my village every night, I pass nearby a village temple. Rather than viewing them as God, whenever I pass from there I remember a line from The White Tiger for Hanuman-  "...You will find an image of a saffron-coloured creature, half man half monkey: This is Hanuman, everybody's favourite god in darkness. Do you know about Hanuman sir? He was the faithful servant of the god Rama, and we worship him in our temples because he is a shining example of how to serve your masters with absolute fidelity, love and devotion. These are the gods they have foisted on us, Mr Jiabao. Understand, now, how hard it is for a man to win his freedom in India." - So, my faith or say blind faith is somewhat disturbed by reading literature. Two ideas are at a clash in my mind. Emotional and rational thinking goes parallel in my mind, but now I see rational thinking overpowering, winning over the other.

Because now I believe in the words of Franz Kafka, that..."I think we ought to read only the kinds of books that WOUND and STAB us. If the book we are reading doesn't wake us up with a blow on the head, what are we reading it for?..... we need the books that affect us like a disaster, that grieve us deeply, like the death of someone we loved more than ourselves, like a suicide. A book MUST BE THE AXE FOR THE FROZEN SEA INSIDE US".

Books like Harry Potter taught me that LIFE IS ALL ABOUT CHOICES YOU MAKE, Right choice at right time will decide your future. No one will come from the sky to help you.
Dedication, determination and hard work I learn from Santiago of The Old man and the Sea. Even though he fails, he wins in the minds of the readers.

Frankenstein kind of science fiction still terrifies me. But when Narration turns to Monster it is one of the best parts of literature I've ever read. And I think, This is the beauty of Literature that Monster (Antagonist, villain, murderer) is given very WONDERFUL LINES. I was born innocent, but society corrupted me-, is I think the best line we can apply for the character of Monster. 

When we read Monster's narrative we start sympathizing for him. (which perhaps won't happen in real life. We never allow Other, second to put forward his arguments. We directly judge people. we must give chance to others to explain his/her side.)After reading Monster's narrative, anyone will question that Who is real Monster??? Victor or Monster? This happens only because Marry Shelley has given voice to Monster, but imagine what will happen if we'll know the story only from Victor's point of view??? (We are always Tigers in our own stories, like Pi, from Life of Pi)The hideousness of Victor's act will never come out. By changing the perspective everything changes. in real life also we should check, observe & evaluate single incident from various perspectives before deriving any conclusion.

While writing how literature shaped me, suddenly I feel nostalgic & remember an incident which Dilip Barad sir told us while discussing that what is usefulness or importance of Literature?
We had discussed an example of terrorists and 9/11 attack in America. Who was the terrorist?? They were not common people like you and me. It is not everybody's cup of tea to do that. THEY ALL WERE HIGHLY INTELLECTUAL PEOPLE. It requires a high level of intelligence and ability of multi-tasking to do that. 
Even if they were people with very high IQ, Then even WHY did they do such HIDEOUS ACT. The research made on them had proved that they never had studied HUMANITIES. They never study literature, which is very much important to make them human.
If not all, then most of Engineers, doctors, businessman or scientists etc considers literature as time pass activity. & perhaps that's why humanity is suffering.


  • Back then ( Ha, ha, ha!!!!!, Tony's style of writing from Sense of an Ending to return from flashback -"Back then"!!!!!), let's talk about a few more texts...
Even though people criticize a lot, Chetan Bhagat, we give a little bit more respect to his book in classroom discussion. One Night @ the Call Center is love to read kind of book, touching upon social issues and bringing NEW MORALITY. it says it is difficult to please and make everybody happy at the same time. YOU FIND YOUR OWN HAPPINESS, OTHERS WILL FIND THEIRS ON THEIR OWN.
"Sense of an Ending" by Julian Barnes gave me the vision to doubt "Memory" & "History". Wonderful lines, which I had chosen as my presentation topic:- "History is that certainty produced at a point where the imperfection of memory meets the inadequacies of documentation"-Explain with reference of Tony Webster". "There was unrest, there was Great unrest"!!!!!!!!


  • The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown, though controversial is a thought-provoking book. This gave me insight that everybody is examining their culture, religion critically. It is a false belief that all are attacking Hinduism. Those who believe so are the people who have read nothing. If they come to me, I will suggest them to read The Da Vinci Code. They just come out in street protesting, vandalizing by holding banners in their hand.(SHEOPLE) If they burn books today, they will burn people tomorrow -remember that & be careful. Now I believe that if any artist /writer portraying a negative side of culture then ITS A GREATER PROCESS OF SELF EXAMINATION. Dickens, Balzac, Flaubert also did the same with their respective Nations & that's why England and France are better societies compare to us. so, always remain open for self-criticism is gift to me by literature.



  • If you don't like the book, then write another book opposing it. But to burn books or kill an artist is not a good idea. Let's take the example of Britain... Salman Rushdie has to left his country due to religious Fatwa against him because of writing a book like 'Satanic Verses'. Now he is living in Britain. When I read Rushdie's book "Imaginary Homeland"- which is a collection of various essays, I found that living in Britain, he is criticizing British policy & white people. Imagine if this would happen in India then???

England is the country which gave him shelter when his life was under threat. Then even Rushdie is writing about downsides of country & If white people don't like Rushdie's views then they publish books, article deconstructing his views. They had neither beaten Rushdie nor told that you leave our country. This is how they are better, well-grown society than us. Development progress doesn't mean material progress with big buildings and cars. It should be a growth of each & everyone as a society.


How without our first-hand experience, we imagine people(Through images that come in media, literature, movies etc) is wonderful to observe in Orientalism by Edward Said.(How Arab misrepresented by West & everybody believed as the reality). I learnt that First-hand experience is necessary & be careful from Media Monster.




  • Oh my god!!!!, I almost forgot my dear Godot. How can I???!!!!!! My journey or say anybody's journey of literature will remain incomplete if we don't talk about Waiting For Godot, by Samuel Beckett. It is said that there are three plays discussed and debated time and again by critics and scholars, -Oedipus, Hamlet, and Waiting for Godot.
While studying I don't get it that what is this all about. whats going on??!!!.
It's about nothing. Yes, it's about "NOTHING"!!!!. Even though the play is nothing about, it is about something. Nothing is something in the play. (Confused?????, Me too!!! Ha, ha, ha).
I must say Waiting For Godot is my favourite play, leading us towards Existentialism, Nothingness, meaninglessness, Absurdity of our life.
I also like Vladimir & Estragon, go on waiting that Godot will come tomorrow, but Godot never comes!!!!. WAITING IS ENDLESS. 
What is life except waiting? We all go on waiting for things one after another every day. Now I don't see any difference between me & Sisyphus repeating the same thing every day. (We have to imagine that Sisyphus is happy !!! what else)


Though The Birthday Party by Harold Pinter looks dull, boring it is menacing. Petey's last line of the play is wonderful that -"Stan!, Don't let others tell you what to do".
I appreciate Pinter's Anti American views, Brave!!! with powerful evidence & arguments. Society is by and large like Meg & Petey- Impotent & forgets everything. & Individual artists, free thinkers like Stanley are always under danger from power.

Derozio's The Fakeer of Jungheera make me realize that don't be proud of your rotten Tradition & rituals ( Sati Pratha). Be human first. Life is more important than anything.
In the beginning, I mentioned that now I try to read incident by Decentering the centre or say by bringing the margin of meta-narrative centre. That's because of texts like The Purpose by T.P. Kailasm and A Tempest by Aime Cesaire. 

"Hamlet" by genius Shakespeare warns us that "Thinking and thinking and never putting into action is dangerous", at the same time quite opposite to it is "Othello" by the same master - who acts too hastily without thinking and then suffers. So, these teach that excessiveness of anything is fatal, dangerous.



  • Christopher Marlowe's heroes are always "HUNGRY FOR MORE...". The same is the case with Dr. Faustus also, who had acquired all the available knowledge of the time & still he wanted more. But his fall is tragic. I personally don't like his tragic end, but it was inevitable because he misuses the power (plays silly magic tricks) he had got at great cost. (cost was his own soul)For gaining knowledge he's ready to give away his own soul to Lucifer is something amazing spirit to learn. Because knowledge is power. He knew that God is just. his soul will suffer perpetual damnation. What knowledge Dr Faustus had in the 16th century, that much knowledge you & I don't have even today (Knowledge of almost all subject- History, law, medicine, metaphysics etc).
Learn thirst for knowledge from Faustus, but be careful of misuse of it.


  • in "Paradise Lost" by Milton Adam's choosing of Eve in spite of knowing that God's wrath will fall upon him, they will lose paradise is a shining example of Individual's CHOICE. For him, Eve is more important than God. We also have a need to learn from Adam and be like him.
Till how long time, we will go on killing people on the name of religion & god ????? Who killed more people?? History will undoubtedly prove Religion. 
God gave us free will, so one is free to do whatever they like. Individual's happiness & Humanism is more important. learn this from Adam.
T.S. Eliot highly self-critical, calls his own land The Waste Land- a barren land where nothing grows. Eliot was disturbed by spiritual degradation and sexual perversion. (Well, how can I underestimate The Waste Land, because this is the text on which I had tried to write my first research paper, comparing The Waste Land with Manvini Bhavai- a Gujrati novel by Pannalal Patel. 

Reading Virginia Woolf's To The Lighthouse & Room of One's own, leads us towards stronger feminist discourse. For the progress of women, total freedom is essential. (Including economical, social, cultural etc). I must not agree with Charles Tansley-: That women can't paint or write".
Rober Frost's Nature is quite opposite to Wordsworthian Nature. This is the beauty of literature that how same Nature seen differently by two different poets.
I also enjoy travelling into darker streets of 'Mind', with Edgar Allan Poe.

'Gulliver's Travels' by Jonathan Swift, 'Tom Jones' by Henry Fielding, 'Middlemarch' by George Eliot is a wonderful to study of contemporary English society. Its covers a wide range of issues like love, sex, morality, corruption, heritage, New morality, Individualism, money and many more. Gulliver's Travels is the darkest criticism of a human being ever written. Through Oliver Twist, Dickens takes us on the tour of corrupted London, where there was a school of teaching pickpocketing & innocent children were suffering in workhouses.

African Literature, books like "A Grain of Wheat", "Things Fall Apart", "Waiting for Barbarians" or "The Swamp Dwellers" never gave me aesthetic delight, pleasure or a moment of relief. Because it is the literature of anger, angst, frustration, rebel, dissatisfaction, slavery, violence, cultural clash, struggle, fight, killing, torturing. These books were not written out of compassion but out of compulsion. Its writer's catharsis by pouring inner turmoil into books.

I remember Chinua Achebe's wonderful lines from Things Fall Apart that : - “…Until the lions produce their own historian, the story of the hunt will glorify only the hunter”. It is enough to falsify & doubt history written by winners. (we can apply to white man's written history also).
This is what I had posted on Facebook while reading literature
#Radical thinkers always suppress by the authority. Shocked to read that Ngugi wa Thiongo was detained and after release Govt. dismissed from his academic job & harassed him out of the country in 1982. The reason was that his writing and 'peasant' workshop were bringing tremendous social changes, and this panicked the Govt.( Really people are by and large 'Lucky'- a character of #Waiting for Godot- who will kick you if you try to make him free)
-Interesting parallel we find happening around us also......
# Until we won't protect our intellectual people, humanity will never progress.#POWER is not always right.
So, this is how I think & believe after reading literature.

Generally, students don't like a paper of Literary theories & criticism. But I like the most. Begin with Aristotle & Plato, Dryden, Matthew Arnold- Touchstone method (Compare & analyse), Roland Barthes- From work to text,  Raymond Williams, Northrop Frye- Archetypal criticism, Structuralism, Poststructuralism, Practical criticism, Reader response theory and so many other theories & critics change my world view.


  • Dilip Barad sir taught us how to write your answers, that - You begin with one idea and then slowly and steadily change your trajectory of answer over another. what you want to prove as a conclusion should come second. But here it isn't the case. I don't want to provI anything, I am just telling the thing as it is !!!!! (Advantages / Disadvantages)

One of the disadvantages of reading too many books- Literature Is that now I find difficulties in matching up with group/ community. I consider myself different than them. I think that they won't understand me & my ideas. I remain in the minority because now I don't agree with all- mass- group over most of topics (about politics, Nation, state, corruption, morality, jobs, education, technology, privatization, Globalization, so-called 'development' and many more)
Another thing I doubt about literature is its "PRACTICAL USABILITY". How literature is useful when you'll have to work hard on your farm at noon ??? All knowledge & theories will collapse there. Neither Shakespeare nor Coleridge is going to help you there !!!! Reading literature will not satisfy your appetite. After studying medicine, one can use his skill in curing people & earn a livelihood, what LITERATUREWALA will do???? that is a big question. No one is going to listen to your bookish ideas. If we look back in history then most of writers & poets had suffered, lived very poor, isolated, tragic life. 


  • Reading everything is also time-consuming. & To understand properly one has to read intensively. Sometimes it looks like, WE ARE LIVING IN THE WORLD (of literature)WHICH HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH REAL WORLD. the outside world is totally different than what the book says.



  • IT IS EASY TO READ, BUT DIFFICULT TO ACT. 
  • Literature also makes us escapist from the real world.


  • I remember Dilip sir's words while discussing Cultural Studies that "We know that fire burns, but our knowledge will not stop the fire from burning. Knowledge of Cultural Studies is also like this. We know how power operates, but our knowing won't stop power operating".
I will add that Literature is also like this. You read it on your chair, knew it & then remain just spectator & then forget it. As such nothing changes.
Reading literature is individualistic - benefits to only those who have read it, unlike scientific invention which brings tremendous changes in the life of everyone.


  • But why am I comparing literature with science?? Any well-read person will question me. Its Literature, not science.
Well, my this controversial statement will lead us towards F.Y.B.A. debate of Nature & Function of literature. Let me tell you that I am well aware of this debate- that what is literature & what is the function of literature?? & so on....so let's leave it aside.

I agree with it. I shouldn't expect this from literature.

Because it is something that you observe and absorb how to live a life with a better understanding of other people as well as society as a whole. It will bring change WITHIN yourself, which may not be visible, but reflects in your behaviour as well as in your way of approaching the world.

 But my intention was just to convey what I truly feel after reading this much literature.

Wednesday 23 March 2016

Comparison between an epic poem‘The Waste Land’ by T. S. Eliot and a Gujarati novel “Manavini Bhavai” by Pannalal Patel.

Abstract:-
This article tries to compare texts fromtwodistinct literatures.The Waste Land by Eliot from British background and Manavini Bhavai by Pannalal Patel from Indian (Gujarati) background. Both the texts are located in first half of 20th century. This article is an attempt to read contemporary society with the help of both the texts. How there wasdehumanization, sexual perversion, spiritual draught were wide spread in society. Culture was being totally rotten.
Key Words: spiritual draught/degradation, sexual perversion, dehumanization, World War, Draught, rottenness of culture.

Comparison betweenanepicpoem‘The Waste Land’ by T. S. Eliot and aGujarati novel  “Manavini Bhavai” by Pannalal Patel.
Introduction
‘The Waste Land’ is written by T. S. Eliot in early 20th century. The title of this long epic poem itself suggests the essence of this poem that what is all about.
            ‘The Waste Land’ means barren land where nothing grows- a desert, or any barren or uninteresting place. Eliot is very self/auto critical. So he criticizes his own nation (country) or say entire Europe by calling it Wasteland & people living in it as Wastelanders. He criticizes Sexual perversion, spiritual degradation and dehumanization of Western society. He is showing mirror to the world who they are, Rather than praising his culture he attacks the rottenness of his culture.One of itsmajor themes is the barrenness of a post-warworld in which human sexuality has beenperverted from its normal course and thenatural world too has become infertile.
Northrop Fryesays in his essay “Archetypal criticism” that “some where we all (entire human race) (East or West) are connected.”Basic human nature is common everywhere. We share common Psyche. Then the question came to my mind is that where is this kind of rottenness in our culture? AreweresemblingcharacteristicsofwastelandersorHollowmaninEliot'ssense??Whatarethepitfallsandshortcomingsofourculture?
And if it istherethen how it is mirrored in our (regional) literature. So I think “Manavini Bhavai”- a Gujarati novel by Pannalal Patel is suitable option to compare with “The Waste Land”.

★Titularsignificance:-
Significance of the title:-
Title suggests the essence of the work. Both the writers have carefully choosen the title of their work.
Through reading of literature ultimately we come to know about the self. if literature is mirror orX-Rayimageofselforsociety, then reading literature is the quest for the self. We have to identify where we are/ ami in literature?
Eliot's title of the poem is very significant, suggestive & appropriate because it signifies three Wasteland- that of Fisher King, Oedipus and Biblical or Modern Europe.
Where as Pannalal Patel clarifies the meaning of the title in the preface of the novel. Because the Gujarati word 'Bhavai' has various contextual meanings.
Bhavai is in traditional Gujarati folk culture isa kind of play/ drama performance by all male members of vivid historical events & figures- especially during Navaratri festival.
So the title has connotation that 'Manavini' means people's/ Human being's,  &'Bhavai' means drama. It connotes that human being's entire life is like a drama & we are just like puppet. We have to play our roles and exit the stage. Nothing is in one's hand. Inspite of knowing we can't do anything. It signifies the futility of human's life.
But Pannalal Patel says in the preface of the novel though the word 'Bhavai' has its literal meaning, another meaning of word 'Bhavai' is  'MILKAT'means property (something that is owned)
-belongings
-important types of property include real property(land), personal property(other physical profession), & intellectal property etc.

So we can roughly translate the title of the novel as "people's property".
Which is the property of human bengs??
- a piece of land? gold etc jewellery ? animals? money? or good relations with other??
The novel is serious debate over this question. As the novel progresses because of severeDraught slowly and steadily people looses their everything. After loosing all the material things, even human relations are under danger. People are killing other, looting others only to get food/tosatisfytheirhunger.
Such dehumanization & downfall of people is unimaginable. So the tone of the title of the novel is bitter & ironic.

★Setting:-
The setting of both of this text is common. Dehumanizing effect of First World War (1914-1918) is clearly seen in the Waste Land, whereasChappaniyo Dushkal(Draught of 1900) plays a vital role in this novel.
★The Waste Land
Aprilisthecruellestmonth....
InTheWasteLandAprilisnotthehappymonthofpilgrimagesandstorytelling,butinthemodernworldwinteristhetimeofforgetfulnessandnumbness.Marie'schildhoodrecollectionsarealsopainful.Thesimpleworldofcousinsandcoffeeintheparkhasbeenreplacedbyacomplexsetofemotionalandpoliticalconsequencesresultingfromthewar.Thisshowshowbadlythingshavedecayed.Eliotdescribes the boredom, emptiness and pessimism of modern age in bitter, ironical and satirical verse.

Unreal City,
Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,
A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,
I had not thought death had undone so many.
Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled,
And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.
-(Part-1-Burial of the Dead)
Through this T. S. Eliot shows the realistic picture of mechanical life of the people living in London of that era. Thisfinalepisodeofthefirstsectionisthemostsurreal.ThespeakerwalksthroughaLondonpopulatedbyghostsofthedead.People are lifeless, feeling/ emotionless, dull and mechanical. Running like machine according to clock. The same scene is created in the beginning of the movie “Modern Times” by Charley Chaplin. These lines are very suggestive- that Death has undone so many means even if they were living are lookinglike dead. And each man walking fixed his eye before his feet- means following/ obeying others blindly without rational thinking just like sheep. In short he criticizes MECHANICAL LIFE of Modern Man.
In the novel “Manavini Bhavai” Pannalal Patel also portrays the realistic rural picture of people living in Gujarat. (Though Gujarat became separate state in 1st may 1960, and novel is written much earlier. I mean people living in that region)  Kalu is the protagonist, hero of the novel& Raju is heroine. At large extent this novel is abouttheir love. But as I. A. Richards has said(in New criticism )isclose reading of text.( Wikipedia)and“to read between the lines”.MeansTo study the society we also have to read what is not written.
Novel tells about the time that- there was poverty in society. In entire novel there is not even name of education. Except farming /agriculturepeopledon’t have other work. People were addicted of intoxication. Individual was not free to do what he wants to do, he was bounded by so many social chains. Marriages were decided at the age of 1 or 3 years or many times even before the birth of children. (Issue of child marriage)  And because of such rules individual has to suffer a lot- marriages became monotonous, cause of destruction, ruin of the lives of the people.
The same thing happens in this novel also, that from childhood marriage of Kalu and Raju was decided but because of adverse circumstances both gets married to different partner. Both still continues to love each other by heart, but because of society they can’t make it public.
Kalu is not happy in his married life, same with Raju also but then even they go on stretching the relations. Kalu clearly says to his wife that though we are united by body, we cannot be united by soul.
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(Means after death of kalu’s father their engagement is broken. Childhood friends thus departs and Kalu marries to a girl, whomhe don’t like. And his mother has taken promise from him that he will not marry twice or he will not bring second wife. He is like sleeping on the edge of thorns- neither hecanlive nor die.)

In The Waste Land we find Mechanical people, then in this novel Manavini Bhavai  we find the mechanical relationship- lifeless, feeling less and dull.What is the use of relations where individual is not happy. 
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Other major theme of The Waste Land is Sexual Perversion and Spiritual degradation of Western society. As Eliot is Modernist writer he does not say this clearly, but uses various myths /allusions/referencesfrom different cultures to tell his point. Myth of Hycinth girl, myth of Apollo, myth of Tristan and Isolde, myth of   Philomela and Procne indirectly presents the sexual perversion of Western society.Thereissymbolicuseofmythstoconnectthepresentwiththepast.

The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king
So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale
Filled all the desert with inviolable voice
And still she cried………….
(2- A Game of Chess)
……………, and think of poor Albert,
He’s been in the army four years; he wants a good time,
If you don’t give it him, there’s others will, I said.
(2- A Game of Chess)
Instead of a life-giving act of love, sex occursin the poem as seduction or rape, leading toabortion-whichcanbesymbolicallyinterpretedfromabovelines.
TherelationbetweenTypistandClearkalsosignifiestheirlustratherthanpurelove.
Theme of “The Waste Land” is spiritual degradation and sexual perversion. So same thing is also therein the novel “Manavini Bhavai”. For example in the novel there is an incident that when Raju was working in the farm at that timeamanfromvillage,whohaddesireforRaju comes and tries to misbehave with her. He wanted to take disadvantage of her being alone.BecauserumourswerespreadinthevillagethatRaju'shusbandisillandimpotent,sosheissexuallyunsatisfiedwithherhusband.
            This shows the sexual perversion of our culture also. Generally peoplethink that this kind of things happen only in Western Countries.







There is also another incident in the novel, Manavini Bhavai which attacks on our so called ‘saints’, or ‘sadhu’, or ‘religious leaders’.
In Manavini Bhavai, there is a chapter “ Bavani Langoti”, which is a story within a story & through comedy, rather in a humorous way writer criticizes such people.
In the novel Kalu’s father Vala Patel tells stories to the other…
Once there was a “Bavo”- (a priest) of the temple of Lord Shiva. He was living by begging from village.& at the progress & end of the story he develops illegitimate sexual relation with a widow. When he came to know that this woman is going to give birth to a child- he runs away.

Now the point is that is he really spiritual (Pious) person??

Indian spirituality, since thousandsofyearsis famous in the world. Saints are the person who have achieved a state of mind- from which nothing else remains to achieve. They are above human emotions like happiness, unhappiness, misery, greed,suffering etc. saints have shown path to the world- how to live life.
This reference from the novel shows us that how there is also spiritual degradation in our society.

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v NX"S


(Last chapter is also suggestive to present the mental thirst of Kalu. The novel ends when Raju- heroine of the novel gave her breast in Kalu’s mouth to satisfy his thirst. Symbolically we can also read as Kalu’s sexual desire for Raju.)

♣Impotency:-
Eliot picks up on the figure of the Fisher King legend's Wasteland as an appropriate description of the state of modern society.

AsmentionedinthebiginningofthearticlethatTitleconnotesthreewasteLand,oneofthemisofFisherKing'sWasteLand.Fisher Kingisthe impotent  ruler of the waste land, and the prevailing spirit of The Waste Land.
AndinWasteLandword"Nothingness"comesagainandagain,symbolisesasexualfailure,amomentofimpotence.Thereisnotasinglemomentofjoy.Sothereisneitherreconciliationnoractionispossible.
similalyin"ManviniBhavai"Impotencyrevolvesaroundthelivesofthecentralcharacter.HeroineRaju'shusband'Dyalji'wassufferingfromillnessandimpotentency.Evenaftersomanyyearsoftheirmarriagetheyhadnochild.AndinthenoveltownfolkmakesgossipaboutRaju'sbeautyandherhusband'simpotency.Husband'sconstantillnessandimpotencyaswellasseveredraughtbringscatastropheinRaju'slife.Butaboveallimpotencysnatchesawayallthejoysandgloriesofpastfromher.Howpowerful,attractiveandconfidentgirlshewasinpast!!!Andnowtotallytransformedgirl!!
So,inboththetextImpotencyissomethingthatisdeeplysymbolicallyconnected.
3


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(Because of draught, people don’t have food to eat. At that time there is incident in the novel that an Englishman was passing from village with grains of king. People of village tries to rob him. An Englishman tries to threaten by Gun, at that time Kalu speaks very beautiful line that ‘AreBhuriya’ (Oh!Whiteman) you have invented gun to kill the people, but if you have shown this skill to save/ protect people than it would be better.) This is the bitter criticism on modern man and its technological advancement.
   V[S V6]AMdA ;F0F K VAH 0M,ZGM AG[ K[PV[S lJDFG SFO,M V[S GFGF ZFQ8=GL GLXF/ H[8,M BR" DF\U[ K[PAF/SMG[ N}W GYL 5CMrI]\ 4ZMULVMG[ NJF GYL 5CM\RL 4lGZFzLTMG[ VFzI GYL 5CM\rIM4E}bIFVMG[ 5MQF6 GYL V5FI]456 AMdA 4h[ZL U[;4 G[ GF{SFSFO,M JWTM HFI K[PV[DF VWL" 5F.GLV[ BFDLI N[BFTL GYLPDFGJLGL A]lwWV[vS,FV[ HF6[ lJGFXGF ;WGMG[ tIF ;[JF VF5L K[PGlCTZ X]\ JZ;FNG[ AF\WL 8L5[8L5FG[ ;FRJL N]QSF/G[ CO\OFJM T[ D]xS[, K[P?-Darshak – Manubhai Pancholi
‘Darshak’ writes in the preface of Manavini Bhavai that cost of one atom bomb is billions of rupees. Rather than school more money is spent on Army. We have failed in providing milk to children, medicines to patients, home to homeless people and food to people. But military is increasing day by day. If all this is possible than why it is not possible to save people from draught?)
4

Dehumanization of Society

The effect First World War is clearly seen in the poem The Waste Land. Because of war there is ruin, destruction in society.
Because of war, people became blood thirsty. Poverty, mass- killing, immorality, chaos in society was there. As soldiers have to live away from their family, so women had developed extra marital relations with other men. And because of this newer problems came into being- illegitimate children, workhouse, child laboring etc.
            The role that First World War played in Europe same role was played by Draught


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It was a time when all the people have lost theirfaith from human beings as well as from god also. But Kalu like T. S. Eliot himself keeps faith in humanity. He says people are not bad but hunger makes them so.
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The draught was so terrible that there was not even dry grass in nest. People have eaten even leaves of trees!!!!



                                  WZTL 5Z DMTGM JZ;FN JZ;L ZCIPJGDF\  4B[TZDF\ AHFZDF\ VG[ X[ZLVMDF\ \HIF\ H]VM tIF\ D0NF H D0NFP ccSIF AF/JF G[ SIF NF8JFcc5KL SF64;]TS VG[ ;ZFJJFGL TM JFT H SIF ZCL?5FK/ ZC[,F TM ;\AWLVMG[ VFU. SIF" GL ZFCT VG]EJTF CTF4B]X YTF CTFPccU6TF ZCIF PPPPG N[BJFv G NFhJFPcc



The scene looks as if there is rain of corpse, dead bodies. In farm, street everywhere corpses were lying here and there. No one was thinking about even burying them, but rather people were happy.

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The picture of society was worst that, robbers have looted the ornaments of Mali Doshi –anoldman- a villainous character in the novel. Not only that but they even robbed a woman’s clothes- killed her and left her naked. What can we say this except dehumanization of human!!??Andmorethanthatherson'Naniyo'wascrying,notbecausehermotherwasdeadbutbecauseherallthejewellerywerelooted.Thereisfuneralprocessioninwhichsonhastoputapieceofgoldinthemouthofdeadone(mother)(Mali),buthersondeniestodothat.Forhimandhiswifeapieceofgoldismorepreciousthandeadmotherlyingonfuneralpyre.


Asareferenceletstake one more example from “ Saurashtrani Rasadhar”abook by Jhaverchand Meghani(very well known Gujarati writer)toconnectwiththistext&toreadthecontemporarysociety.he also portrays the picture of contemporarysociety. In oneofhisstorytitled “ Jato Halkaro”  we come to know what kind of people we were just before 100 or so years, not so far. though Meghani has described it in Veer Rasa, but we can read society. In  the story  husband and wife were passing  ( by walking)nearly at evening and they were looted. ( it means that there were not good medium of transportation. Oursociety was not developed) (Peopleusedtotravelbybullockcart,andthosewhowererichtheyhadhorses)Jato Halakaro-apostmanfromnearbyvillage tries to save them and dies. But my point is that how can we say that our past was glorious , if people passing by  just at evening were not safe. Only for few jewelry and money people were robbed and killed. This is the reality. In Gujarati culture there are so many famousstories about the ‘Baharvatiya’  ( robber) who were looting entire village. If this is the reality then how can we be proud of our rotten culture? This aspect leads us to another question that why someone do robbery? It means that there was poverty in society. People were ready to kill each other for few money. Education was not there. Even with her husband woman were looted then what if she beingalone?

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Pannalal Patel shows the harsh reality of that time- that people were looted even in daylight.  Not only money and jewelry   but animals were also not safe. Once there is an incident in the novel that  “Bhil”- tribal people attacks the village and drive away people’s domestic animals like cows and buffaloes etc. so Kalu- the protagonist with few friends follows them to protect animal. But there he saw a terrible scene, which one can never forget….. That there were many groups of people, looking exactly like skeleton ( because they had no food to eat, so they werelike living dead) are eating a living/alivebuffalo. Someone is drinking blood, others are eating other body parts like leg etc. they had no weapon to kill or cut, for them their teeth was everything.!!!!

Another scene which he saw was that people were hitting stones to animal to kill & eat.
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             The climax is there in the next scene, when he saw that a lady, seating near bush was eating her own child to satisfy her appetite/ Hunger !!!
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Kalu- a protagonist  don’t believe himself what he has seen. He tries to convince himself that what  has seen is not true. How can a mother  eat her own child?? Itmustbearabbit!!Butitwaschild!And if this really happened then we can realize the  downfall of  people.


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It also mentioned by novelist that women were selling their body only to get food.
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Chappaniyo draught( of 1900) was the biggest calamity on the  people. The situation was such that women started selling their bodies only to get food. Anyhow, people wanted something to eat- by begging, by doing theft or even sometimes people snatch a piece from dog’s mouth to eat. Such degradation is umimaginable.

5


★Urgetodie......

"NamSibyllanquidemCumisegoipseoculismeis
vidiinampullapendere,illipueridicerent:
Sibylla ti thelesis; respondebat illa: apothanein thelo".

ThisepigraphcomesfromSatyricon,asatirefromPetronius.InEnglishitmeans"I saw with my own eyes the Sibyl at Cumae hanging in a jar/ cage, and when the boys said to her, Sibyl, what do you want? She replied I want to die".It hasmanyinterpretations.oneissheissayingwhatthepeoplewhoinhabitthewastelandaresaying.
(Sibyl:-Granted  eternal  life  by  Apollo,  she  neglected  to  ask  also  for eternal  youth  and  lived  a  life  in  death,  continually  withering but never dying.)(Bloom)

Sibyl looks at the future and proclaims that she only wants to die. The Sibyl's predicament mirrors what Eliot sees as his own. He lives in a culture that has decayed and withered but will not expire, and he is forced to live with reminders of its formerglory.
Similarlypeoplealsowantstodieinthenovel.Thedraughtissoterriblethatpeopleneitherhavefoodnorwater.Becauseofseveredraughtnotevenleavesoftresstoeat.Entirefamilywaslivingbyonlyhandfulofgrains.Allhavesoldanimals,jewelleryamdothermaterialthingsonlytosatisfytheirappetite.Theirlifebecamemiserable.Monsonistooaway,thereisnohopeforhelpfromanybody.Waitingfordeath,becausetheythoughtthatitisbettertodiethantosufferlikethis.
Thus,somewhereurgetodieiscommoninboththetexts.

6

★ Mother image is broken
In every culture very respectable position is given to the  mother. This novel deconstructs the aura of respective mother. No one can imagine worse picture than this that mother eating her own child. ( True test of your character is in the moment of crisis)  InSanskritlanguageitisfamouslysaidthat"JananichaJanmabhumiswargadapigariyasi"meansMotherandMotherlandaregreaterthanheaven.AndinGujaratithereisproverbthat"Maatemaa,bijabadhavagadanavaa"meansnoonecanbecomparedwithmother.Myintentionbehindputtingthislinesistojuxtaposerealismversusidealism.Bookpresentstherealityofcontemporarysociety.atthesametimewecepebrateideals,whicharefarawayfromreality.
★Faith:-
T.S.Eliothasfaithinhumanity.Hebelievedthatregenerationispossible.Thelostsocialordercanbereestablished.Itispossibletomakewastelandagainafertileland.AndhegivessolutionthatbridgebetweenEastandWestisthesolution.Itisappropriatetoquotethe remarks made during the Noble Prize award ceremony in 1948by Gustaf Hellström of the Swedish Academy.
“Humility is also the characteristic which you, Mr. Eliot, have come to regard as man's virtue. ‹The only wisdom we can hope to acquire is the wisdom of humility.› At first it did not appear that this would be the final result of your visions and your acuity of thought.
(The) contact was a shock to you, the expression of which you brought to perfection in The Waste Land, in which the confusion and vulgarity of the civilization became the object of your scathing criticism.
But beneath that criticism there lay profound and painful disillusionment, and out of this disillusionment there grew forth a feeling of sympathy, and out of that sympathy was born a growing urge to rescue from the ruins of the confusion the fragments from which order and stability might be restored.
................. You, Mr. Eliot, are of the opposite opinion. For you the salvation of man lies in the preservation of the cultural tradition, which, in our more mature years, lives with greater vigour within us than does primitiveness, and which we must preserve if chaos is to be avoided.
ThoughEliotiscriticizedasregressive/backwardlooking,hissolutionofcontemporaryproblemisunique.
Pannalalpatelalsospeaksthroughprotagonistthathewillnotloosefaithfromhumanity.Basicallyhumansarenotbad,butsituationmadethemso.Whateverhappenhewillnotleavefaitheitherfromgodorfromhumanity.Howeverworstconditionofsocietyis,revivalispossible.
problemsarecreatedbyhumans.So,itisthepeoplewhohavetotakeresponsibilityofmankindandpreservationofitsculturaltraditionsandvalues.Thesolutionlieswithintheself.
So,itprovesthatboththewritershavegreatfaithinhumanity.
Conclusion:-
My point is that whether West or East, England or India, London or Gujarat “ KAGADA BADHE KALA”. (means "Crows are black everywhere) It is not true to criticize only Western culture. Because somewhere we are also like them, or say basic human nature is common everywhere.


Work Cited:-


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Frye, Northrop. "The Archetypes of Literature." Frye, Northrop. Fables ofIdentity. NewYork: Harcourt, Beace and World, 1951. 7-20.
Manubhai and Manubhai ( Darshak) Pancholi. "truptino ghunt." Patel, Pannalal. Manavini Bhavai. 11. Sadhana Prakashan, 1962. 9-30.
patel, Pannalal. Manavini Bhavai. Ed. auro books. 11. Vol. first. Ahmedabad: Sadhana Prakashan, 1947.
Patel, Pannalal. Manavini Bhavai. Ahmedabad: Sadhana Prakashan, 1947.
The Modern Times. By Charlie Chaplin. Dir. Charlie Chaplin. Perf. Chaelie Chaplin. 1936.
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